Choke

• Foreign objects – the horse may ingest things which it shouldn’t, such as bailing twine. It’s important to check all feed sources before feeding to your horse.
• Unsoaked feeds – sugarbeet and other foodstuffs intended to produce mashes absorb a lot of water. Therefore it’s extremely important that they’re soaked in the correct ratios and for the recommended time. Unsoaked or partially unsoaked pellets can be swallowed and, when in contact with saliva, swell up within the oesophagus and become stuck².
• Dental problems – if a horse is unable to chew their food properly or has pain in their mouth which prevents them from chewing, large pieces of forage may become stuck.
• Succulents – suitable fruit and vegetables can be a tasty treat and source of enrichment for horses, but if insufficiently chewed or cut the wrong shape, they can become lodged.
• Horses which tend to eat their feeds too quickly often aren’t correctly chewing their food and, as a result, isn’t being mixed with enough saliva. This makes it difficult for the horse to swallow, and the feed can become stuck.
• Clinical conditions – some horses may have a condition such as a stricture (a narrowing of the oesophagus) or similar which means they’re more likely to suffer from choke and need to be carefully managed.

Horses are all individual and may show differing signs. Below are some common symptoms to look out for:

• Frothy discharge from both nostrils (usually containing saliva and food material)
• Repeated attempts to swallow
• Coughing or ‘retching’
• Stretching out of the neck
• Spasms of the neck muscles
• Identifiable ‘bulge’ usually on the left side of their neck
• Horse will appear to be anxious.

Many blockages will clear on their own, however, damage to the internal structures can occur.

• If you suspect your horse is choking the most important thing to do is not to panic, as this could make your horse more anxious.
• Do not allow the horse to eat – remove all food and water from their stable, including edible bedding or remove the horse from pasture or the stable to a safe area. Some horses will continue to eat through an episode of choke, making the blockage even bigger.
• Try to keep the horse calm, the muscles in their neck need to relax for the blockage to pass into the stomach.
• If this is the horse’s first signs of choke that you know of and the blockage hasn’t cleared within ten minutes, call your vet³. If you’re worried to wait this length of time, contact your vet immediately. If your horse is prone to choke, discuss a suitable plan with your vet and a timescale of when they would need to be contacted.
• Do not try to dislodge the blockage on your own with water from bottles or a hosepipe; this increases the risk of the horse developing aspiration pneumonia⁴. This is where material from the oesophagus is pushed into the trachea causing infection.

Treatment varies on the individual horse and severity of choke.

The vet may choose to sedate the horse to calm them and prevent further stress. A muscle relaxant may be administered to reduce the spasms in the neck surrounding the oesophagus, which should help to move the blockage along.

If the blockage doesn’t appear to be moving along, the vet may decide to pass a nasogastric tube through the horse’s nostrils and into the oesophagus. Water will be passed through the tube to soften the blockage. This will either move it into the stomach or encourage it to move up the oesophagus and out of the nostrils. This can take a long time and requires patience to prevent further damage.

An endoscope (a camera on a long tube) may also be passed into the oesophagus to visualise the blockage and decide the action required to clear it.

Following successful passage of the blockage, a period of non-eating may be advised to reduce inflammation (approximately 12 hours). This may also be followed by a period of feeding only soaked mashes and grass to reduce the stress put onto the oesophagus.

During an episode of choke, the horse is at risk of breathing in salvia or food matter into their lungs. If this happens, the horse can develop aspiration pneumonia and may not show signs until a few days after choke occurred. Close monitoring is required, and if the horse shows signs of a runny nose or increased respiratory rate, they may require antibiotics. If you have any concerns call your vet for further advice.

An episode of choke can cause damage and scarring to the oesophagus, which causes a narrowing of the tube called a stricture⁵. Horses may become prone to episodes of choke throughout their lives due to this. In a minority of cases, a rupture of the oesophagus can occur, either as a direct result of the blockage or in trying to dislodge it.

• Always supply a clean, fresh water supply to encourage the horse to drink.
• Slice all succulents, such as carrots and parsnips lengthways before being fed. Introduce any enrichment items carefully, and if any fruit and vegetables are fed whole, make sure someone is present on the yard.
• Follow all feed preparation guidelines to make sure all feed is soaked properly.
• Maintain routine dentistry to promote correct chewing and mouth health.
• Use slow feeders for horses who rush consumption of feed to prevent food being eaten too quickly.
• Some horses may choke on a particular type of feed. Once recognised, these should be avoided.

1. Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic. (2023) Choke.
2. Carson, D. & Ricketts, S. (2023) Choke in horses. VCA Animal Hospitals.
3. Ridings Equine Vets. (2018) What to do if your horse gets choke.
4. Haywood, L. (2022) Understanding choke in horses.
5. Sutton, D. (2015) Diagnosing disorders of the equine oesophagus. 27(6). Pp. 291-294.